Why they turns radical?

Why they turns radical?

In the 60's,young Jews were more likely than non-Jews to support the radical movement of the new left.

Since enlightenment , the left has attracted Jews ,especially young Jews.

Explanations given to the certain element of Jewish culture.

One variant of the cultural explanations stresses messianism,another stresses Jewish ideas of justice and a third stressed Jewish idea of equality.

1.The messianic variant

In it best know and by now most hackneyed form,states that Jew in?diaspora were able to tolerate the conditions of their "exile"only because of their belief in

the redemption of the Jewish people and in the coming of the messiah as part of that redemption.

according to this view, both the cultural tenacity of Judaism and the collective survival of Jewry is?in explainable . without reference to this belief , for, without it,Jews would have solved the problems of harassment , persecution and stigmatization by adopting Christianity or Islam , in order to cease being recognized as Jews.

Because of the fundamental significance of this messianic belief, Jews who were partly assimilated were drawn to left-wing radical ideologies which gave to them a secular, rational-empirical version of the older,religious ideas. These ideologies offer beliefs in the historical process and in the ultimate attainment of? socialist utopia; and these replace beliefs in the chosen people, in Divine Providence, in Redemption and the return to Zion. This hypothesis not only explains why Jews who adhered to orthodoxy were not attracted to it. It even explains why the fulfilment of the Zionist dream-semi-secularized version of the original millenarian belief has been accompanied by a decline in the appeal of the socialist dream.



3.?The third cultural hypothesis suggests that Judaism more than any other great religion, favors egalitarianism. this being so,enlightened Jews are prone

to retain from Judaism their strong commitment to equality and are therefore attracted to left-wing radicalism.?


while a christian sense of justice and injustice might be accompanied by an acceptance of ,or a resignation to the wrongs of this world, a Jewish sese would be accompanied by a compulsion to correct injustice and to impalement justice in this world.


when (19th century onward)they have political rights, they supported the left.


Red diapers theory

Four propositions:

1. young jews were more likely than non-Jews to have parents who had been either liberal or radicals.

2.children of the liberals and radicals tend to adopt their parents' concern for welfare and the rights of others.

3. children believe that their rebellion is condoned or even encouraged by their parents.

children wish to compete with their parents thus turn to radicalism.

4. children wish ,perhaps unconsciously to outdistance their parents in their actions and belief , demonstrate to their parents how they failed to live up to

the principles which they have transmitted to their children.

中国人的”江湖情结“与”造反精神“

中国人的”江湖情结“与”造反精神“

中国与外国的差异，最大之处在于文化的差异，表现在文学上尤其严重，《红楼梦》在中国被誉为每一奇书，甚至衍生出一门“红学”，并养活了一批闲人，在国际上却没什么大影响，至少出了华语圈就没什么影响了，这其中最重要的原因就是文化上的差异，如果不是对中国文化有很深入了解的人，根本就看不懂是怎么回事，就是一个纯中国人别说全看懂，就是把其中的人物关系都理清了也很不易，真想看出点味道，对经史子集诗词歌赋没有最起码的了解几乎是不可能的，否则怎么看也就是一个大户人家里七拐八绕的爱情故事，而且无论宝玉跟谁都是一场悲剧，左右都是近亲结婚。
由于文化的巨大差异，使国际上对中国的认识很有限，中国的文化要介绍到国外去也很难，如果一首唐诗翻译成英文，再由不知情的人由英文翻译成中文，就没有一个中国人认识它是什么了，甚至很多词汇在英语或其它语言中根本找不到相对应的，江湖就是其中的一个，当然这种情况在英文翻译成中文的时候也有。
所谓江湖，按照中国人的理解，应当是一个游离于主流社会和主流意识形态之外的一个社会，按现在时兴的说法应当是边缘人的社会，在国外这种人也大量存在，但国外似乎把这两个社会分的很清，而且不仅仅是这两个社会，更有上流社会、主流社会、下层社会和边缘人的社会之分，互相之间泾渭分明，虽也有融合，却是很困难的过程，而且并不推崇边缘人的社会，唐、吉诃德就是这样一个边缘社会里的代表人物。这其中还有吉普赛人和当年无家可归的犹太人，他们中很多人按中国的说法都是“江湖中人”，但无论是电影电视还是文学作品，国外似乎从未有过“江湖”这个词。与中国不同的是，这些人要融合到主流社会甚至是进入上流社会是极其困难的，甚至是不可能的，否则就无法解释当年希特勒为什么要疯狂地屠杀犹太人，而犹太人又为什么疯狂地要建国了。
在中国江湖则无处不在，已经溶入到社会生活的每一个角落，在电影《东方不败之风云在起》中，那个荷兰人拚命问顾长风什么是“江湖”，哪里是“江湖”，可怜的顾长风根本解释不清，只能说江湖无处不在，这是能找到的最好的解释，却也是令老外们永远也理解不了的解释。在中国人的印象中，江湖虽然游离于主流社会和主流意识形态之外，但并没有完全断离，甚至互相融合的很好，一个人现在可能是主流社会中的人，但一转眼可能就是江湖中人，一个江湖中人也可能转瞬间成为主流社会的主人，汉高祖和宋太祖细算起来都是江湖中人，如他们这样起身江湖草莽的江湖英雄在中国历史上不胜枚举，可能正是这几千年的江湖传统，使每一个中国人身上似乎都有双重甚至是多重性格，一方面表面上温良恭俭让，一方面是对传统的漠视，对权威的轻视，对规则的蔑视，满嘴的仁义道德，心里却总想如何能揭竿而起，人人都充满了造反精神，如此看来，“文化大革命”这样的事出现在中国一点都不奇怪，在那种全民无意识的情况下，谁也分不清什么是社会，什么又是江湖了。
网络的出现，对充满江湖情结的中国人来说，是一个最好的宣泄口，反正我们永远也搞不清自己是个怎样的人，自己要做一个怎样的人，网络这个无边的江湖提供了一个绝好的实验场，每个人都在疯狂地表现自己，实现着闯荡江湖的梦，甚至可以断言，中国人将是把网络与现实融合的最好的一群人，相信在不远的将来，甚至现在已经有很多人分不清什么是现实、什么是网络、什么是江湖，反正人在江湖身不由己，人在现实也身不由己，既然此身不由己，何不就由着他相忘于网络，相忘于江湖。
就“江湖”这一问题来说，欧美虽然号称民主，但其社会等级观念远高于中国，同时其对传统和规则的重视程度也远高于中国，美国虽然号称“熔炉”，但真要溶入到其主流社会甚至上流社会，却是非常困难的，美国只是美国人实现美国梦的地方，中国人，包括很多非白种人最多也就是一看客。而中国虽然有几千年的封建等级制度，等级观念相比欧美却很弱，其实所谓的“中华民族”和“中华文化”，从秦汉时代起就不知融合了多少民族和多少种文化，就这点而言，中国可能是世界上融合力最强的民族，但中国人对传统和规则的漠视，中国人身上严重的“江湖习气”，也严重地阻碍了中国的发展，“王候将相宁有种乎”的造反精神无论对一个人还是一个民族都是必不可少的，中国人就很具有这种精神，只是把劲多用在了破坏传统和规则上，如果都用在创新和发展上，中国的前途将不可限量。但传统与规则同创新与发展永远存在着矛盾，如何找到二者的平衡点可能是一个永远也争论不清的话题。